Diabetes Mellitus is a pathology relating to a group of endocrine diseases.It is associated with the disorder of the process of assimilation of glucose.Violation is developing due to absolute or relative insufficiency of insulin - the hormone responsible for its processing.There is hyperglycemia in the patient with diabetes.
This condition is characterized by a persistent increase in glucose in plasma.The patient has a violation of all kinds of metabolism: water salt, carbohydrate, protein, fats, mineral.The disease has a chronic course.Diabetes Mellitus belongs to shared diseases.It is revealed in almost 6% of the world's population.
Causes of diabetes
The reasons for the development of the patients of the diabetes of the first and second type are different in patients.The first type of disease is revealed in young patients younger patients under the age of thirty years.Insulin production violation occurs when the pancreas is damaged by Autoimune Genesis.With her is the destruction of the ß cell insulin.
In most patients, this pathology occurs after viral infection.The most common epidemic mumps, indigenous rubella, viral hepatitis.This pathological situation can also be developed after a toxic effect on the body with the following substances: nitrosamins, pesticides, some medications.
These substances contribute to violating the immune response and the appearance of autoimmune reactions.The effect of changed immune cells on the islands Langergan from the pancreas causes their deaths.In this regard, insulin production has been reduced.This condition is developing when more than 80% of these cells are affected.
In the second type of disease, the insensitivity of all cells on insulin appears.The level of insulin in plasma is normal or increased, but the cells do not perceive it.There are most such patients with diabetes.Glucose tolerance occurs for the following reasons:
- Genetic predisposition.Such patients have relatives with diabetes.If both parents suffer from them, the probability of inheriting predisposition to it increases at 70%.
- Obesity.With a large amount of adipose tissue in the body, their sensitivity to insulin decreases.
- Irranial nutrition.With overcoming simple carbohydrates and lack of fiber in food, the risk of diabetes increases.
- Cardiovascular pathology.Heavy forms of these diseases - atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, arterial hypertension leads to increased resistance to insulin tissues.
- Chronic stress.In this state, the level of catecholamine and glucocorticoids increases.This contributes to the development of diabetes.
- Taking some drugs.A group of drugs that increases the risk of diabetes includes: synthetic glucocorticoids, diuretics, part of antihypertensive drugs, cytostatics.
- Chronic insufficiency of the adrenal cortex.This disease increases the risk of insulin tissue resistance.
As a result, glucose penetration in cells decreases and blood levels increases.
Diabetes symptoms
- insatiable thirst;
- Fast urination leading to dehydration;
- dry mouth;
- increased fatigue;
- General weakness;
- Less skin lesions slowly heal;
- vomits;
- constant nausea;
- the scent of acetone from the patient;
- Duties of breathing;
- heart rate;
- itchy skin;
- Quick weight loss;
- Frequent urination;
- Reducing vision sharpness.
When these signs appear, you should immediately consult with a doctor for testing blood sugar levels.
Types of diabetes
Pathology, depending on the causes, is divided into several species.The following types of diseases differ: type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, specific forms and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes
Option 1 species occurs with a lack of insulin production in the body.This is a hormone that regulates glucose metabolism in tissues.Its lack of this occurs due to the damage to the beta cell of the pancreas for the development of autoimmune reactions.
The immune system is damaged and antibody products against their own body tissues.This situation occurs after viral infections, severe stress, effects of other harmful factors.
The disease often occurs in young people and children.The disease has a sudden attack.His symptoms were sentenced because the cells are quickly found in hunger condition.A very high glucose level detected, often reaches up to 30 mmol / l in the blood.
Different 1 disease variant is considered a diabetes.This is autoimmune diabetes that occur in adults, with a characteristic latent course.For him, a typical reduction in blood insulin and normal weight.
Type 2 diabetes
With type 2 diabetes, insulin excretion does not suffer.There is a surplus level of this hormone in the blood.The cells in the body will lose sensitivity to the action of a substance.Resistance insulin develops in patients.About 90% of all identified individuals with diabetes are patients with another type of disease.This version of diabetes is often developed in people with obesity after 40 years.
Among the simultaneous diseases are revealed: atherosclerosis, arterial hypertension.The disease has a gradual start.The symptoms are his.The glucose level is rising in moderation.Antits were not detected in the pancreatic cells.This situation contributes to the late patient complaints to the doctor when complications appeared.
Diabetes complications
Separate acute and chronic disease complications.Acute complications are developing rapidly and requires urgent hospitalization.These include the following countries:
- Hypoglycemia.In this state, glucose levels are abruptly reduced.He occurs by an overdose of insulin, untimely meal, physical stress.The patient has hunger, a feeling of shivering in his hands, dizziness, sweat, aggression.Then the consciousness is broken.
- Ketoacidosis.The glucose level grows with her.He does not enter cells and accumulates in the blood.The condition is manifested by reducing appetite, dry skin, thirst.The scent of acetone comes from the patient.Confusion appears, drowsiness.
- Hyperosmolar coma.It is characterized by an increase in blood glucose with general dehydration.
- Lactatat-Acidotic Coma.He is able to occur in the elderly in the presence of a respiratory and cardiovascular system disorders due to oxygen starvation.
Patients with signs of these pathological conditions need emergency medical care.
In the late complications, the lesions of the vascular and nervous system are respected.Diabetic angiopathy is a massive defeat of blood vessels.It spreads on the containers of any caliber.Microaganipatios causes the appearance of diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy.MacroAganiopathy Striking in the bowls of heart, brain and artery of the lower extremities.
Diabetes diagnosis
If this disorder suspects are prescribed the following studies:
- Blood glucose level;
- Urine analysis for glucose and ketone bodies;
- Glycosylated hemoglobin test;
- C-peptide in the blood;
- Stress test (determination of glucose tolerance).
To prescribe complications, ultrasonic kidney scanning, eEg brain, reocenfallographs and back leg vessels.
Diabetes Treatment
The execution of medical recipes should be strictly adhered to strictly.Blood treatment and medicine are performed with this disease are performed for a living.These measures slow down the pathological process and avoid complications.
Treatment of pathology means a reduction in blood glucose, as well as the normalization of metabolism and prevent the development of complications.
Diabetes diet
Dietterapija is the basis of treatment.The diet is prescribed, taking into account the body weight, age, level of physical activity.The patient taught the principle of calculating caloric container contents, should contain the required number of all nutrients.
| What can be eaten | That you can't eat |
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* The table represents an incomplete list of products.To collect the correct and full diet, contact your expert.
Dietary principle in this disease:
- It is necessary to remove products that quickly increase blood glucose concentration.This is a high starch content, sugar, fructose.
- Reduce the overall calorie content.The energy value of the dishes is the number of calories consumed.
- It is necessary to observe six -pilar diet.
With diabetes it is important to eat food regularly.If the patient adheres to the diet, then it allows you to improve the condition of the patient.In the mild form of the disease, only the correction of electricity is bypassed.
It is desirable to use low food.They should be rich in proteins, vegetable fibers and dietary fibers.
Limit products containing a large amount of animal fats, fast carbohydrates, fructose.Remove all products with a high glycemic index.Alcohol is also banned in diabetes.
Izulin therapy
Insulin's introduction is done according to the scheme recommended by the doctor.At the same time, glucose level systematically controls.Insulains are produced in three types: short action, extended, middle.
The extended drug is given once a day.Compliance with the individually selected scheme for the use of medium and short insulin allows you to achieve a disease fee.
Level of Salf -Ontrol Glikemia
The self-confidence of the contents of glucose in the blood is done on a daily basis.Modern glucometers allow you to do this anywhere - at home and at work at a convenient time.The device helps to make a balanced diet, develop a plan for physical activity, determine the time of insulin and medications.The measurement reveals hypoglycemia and helps maintain glucose concentration to normal.
Saharasses
Sugar -Fushi agents in tablets are prescribed for diabetes of other types as an accessory diet.Such groups vary:
- Derivatives Sulfonylmochevina- stimulate excretion of insulin pancreas, facilitate glucose penetration in cells;
- Biguanides- reduce glucose absorption in the intestinal wall;
- Meglitinides- reduce the level of sugar, encourage the ex-insulin;
- Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors- Slows the growth of sugar levels, inactivating the enzymes for starch absorption;
- Thiazolidido- Reduce the amount of sugar exempt from the liver cell, improve the sensitivity of cells into insulin.
With diabetes it is important to control the health and state of the patient to avoid sharp changes in glucose levels.
Diabetes prevention
Diabetes patients should be constantly observed with an endocrinologist - will help organize the right lifestyle, diet and the required treatment.It is important to prevent the development of acute and chronic complications.Patients with type diabetes and recommended to increase the resistance of the body to infections, and patients with type II do not allow the development of obesity.
Conclusion
Diabetes Mellitus is classified as serious diseases.In the absence of treatment, serious complications are developing what life threatens.If sugar symptoms occur, you should consult a doctor and not self-esteem.